Earth is a unified ecosystem. Ecosystems are formed from the interaction between abiotic, biotic, and cultural components. Phenomena that occur in the ecosystem cannot be separated from the interaction of these three factors. Abiotic components are components of meteorological, geological and hydrological clusters; among others in the form of climate, rocks, soil, and water (surface water, groundwater, atmospheric water). The biotic components in the form of flora and fauna are closely related to biodiversity. The cultural component is in the form of various aspects of human activities which ultimately leave anthropogenic traces. Landscape is a form of ecosystem. The components that make up the landscape are interconnected and interdependent with one another.

In essence, an ecosystem has the ability to perform natural recovery against disturbance or pollution. However, this capability is limited by a constraint, namely the natural recovery capacity of the ecosystem which is known as the carrying capacity. On the other hand, exploitation of environmental resources is unavoidable in the context of improving human welfare. However, often these exploitation activities do not heed the carrying capacity of the environment, causing environmental damage. Exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment causes losses that are generally intangible which in a certain period of time can stop the development process itself.